CST3 and acute kidney injury: In recent years, biomedical research has focused on identifying innovative biomarkers that can be used alongside traditional markers (serum and urine creatinine) in the diagnosis of AKI, such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), cystatin C, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM -1), interleukin 18 (IL-18), urinary insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-7 (IGFBP-7), TIMP-2 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2), calprotectin, urinary angiotensinogen, and liver fatty acid-binding protein.