CypA alters the tumor microenvironment by promoting the development of Th1 immune responses through modulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and induction of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interferon gamma (IFNγ) and thus may control the early stages of tumor and metastasis formation [33]. Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.