ACE and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: No significant differences were noted for sex, age, and urbanization level, but significant differences were noted in related diseases (HBV, HCV, alcohol-related diseases, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, diabetes (COPD), liver cirrhosis (LC), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and hypertension (HTN)) and concomitant medication use (angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), aspirin, metformin, and statin) (p < 0.001) between the two groups.