TNF and infection: At 24 h post-infection, sepsis severity was more prominent in the PA+CA group than in the PA alone group, as indicated by acute kidney injury (serum creatinine), liver damage (alanine transaminase), serum cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6, but not IL-10 or IL-1β), bacteremia, lung injury score, and the expression of biofilm-associated genes (pslA, mucA, and algD) (Figure 4B–H).