INS and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: One study found that PTEN can convert phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-diphosphate (PIP2), negatively regulate the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, and downregulate or terminate insulin signaling downstream of PI3K [57], which is involved in the development of NAFLD.