TNF and COVID-19: As can be seen in Table 5, we found that the plasma concentration of the proinflammatory IL-1β (p = 0.011) to be decreased in the plasma of COVID-19-positve subjects; whereas, IL-6 (p = 0.03), IL-8 (p = 0.002), IFN-γ (p = 0.03), TNF-α (p = 0.006), MCP-1 (p < 0.0001), MIP-1α (p = 0.034), and MIP-1β (p = 0.049) were increased in COVID-19-positive subject plasma.