UPM exposure resulted in seven (CYP1B1, CYP1B1-AS1, NCF1, ME1, LINC02029, BPIFA2, EEF1A2), five (CYP1B1, ARC, ENPEP, RASD1, CYP1B1-AS1), and six (CYP1B1, CYP1B1-AS1, IRF4, ATP1B2, TIPARP, CCL22) DEGs between the UPM exposed and unexposed triple co-cultures in the control, asthma, and COPD groups, respectively (according to adjusted p-value p < 0.05) (Figure 1A). Here, ENPEP is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.