Furthermore, while an in vitro study has found that Hb promotes Aβ oligomer formation [150], oligomeric soluble Aβ species-induced proinflammatory activation of astrocytes reduces when Aβ is associated with Hb [151], suggesting that neuronal Hb and Hb-contained fibrils have complex and conflicting roles in neurons and glias in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, GSTM1 is linked to neurodegenerative disease.