NFE2L2 and cancer: The nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that controls the gene expression of the antioxidant response element such as the cytoprotective gene heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which degrades antioxidant molecules [137]; the crosstalk of AMPKα and Nrf2/HO-1 pathway was indeed proven by various studies which demonstrated that AMPK activation boosts the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway [138], and, hence, these observations support the above-mentioned anti-oxidative mechanism of CA.