Interestingly, in our previous studies in the prophylactic CIA mouse model [30], LPC of similar size (140 nm and PDI < 0.2), prepared using POPC, cholesterol, cholesteryl oleate, and an equimolar mixture of two trifunctional TREM-1 inhibitory peptides GA31 and GE31 (GA/E31-LPC), delayed and reduced arthritis progression exerting persistent prophylactic anti-arthritic effects that was comparable to that of the positive control. Here, TREM1 is linked to Arthritis.