Mutations in ACTC1 have been phenotypically related to various cardiac anomalies including dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM), left ventricular non-compaction (LVNC), HCM, and congenital heart disease (CHD) [44,45,46]. Here, ACTC1 is linked to left ventricular noncompaction.