INS and dementia: Hanyu [52] identified a subgroup of patients with diabetes and dementia characterized by specific diabetes-related metabolic abnormalities such as advanced age, high hemoglobin A1c level, long course of diabetes, high frequency insulin treatment, low apolipoprotein E4 carrier, less-severe medial temporal lobe atrophy, impaired attention and executive function, less-impaired word recall, and slow progression of cognitive impairment.