ULK1 and glioblastoma: For instance, GSC-derived PD-L1-containing exosomes have been found to activate Adenosine 5‘-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase/autophagy-related protein-1 homolog(AMPK/ULK1) pathway, suppress apoptosis and promote protective autophagy, thus, increasing TMZ-resistance in GBM [95].