Therefore, our observations that, in tumour-bearing mice, the IL-3Rα-mediated signal blunted the “physiological” angiogenesis, boosted the VM, and increased the PD-L1 expression indicate that, as VEGF, IL-3 can “highjack” the TME, thereby contributing to tumour evasion. The gene discussed is IL3RA; the disease is neoplasm.