Studies have shown that therapies that break the PD-1 and PD-L1 interaction such as pembrolizumab, nivolumab, atezolizumab, and avelumab had an anti-tumour effect on melanoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, renal cell cancer, and Hodgkin lymphoma. Here, PDCD1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.