TGFB1 and cancer: In particular, MSCs have the ability to migrate into malignant areas and stimulate cancer development by secreting a range of paracrine factors such as chemokines C-X-C ligand 1 (CXCL1), CXCL2, CXCL5, CXCL7, and CXCL12/stromal-cell-derived factor 1 (SDF1); cytokines such as IL6, IL8, and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ); and growth factors including epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [58,61,64].