Obesity is a key factor influencing the immunomodulatory capacity of ASCs/MSCs, mainly by altering the cytokine secretion profile with a loss of anti-oxidant molecules such as glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL), peroxiredoxin-5 (Prdx5) and Prdx6, as well as a loss of functions of the tissue development regulators including Ang, Angptl4, follistatin-related protein 3 (Fstl3), and placental growth factor (PLGF) [174]. Here, PGF is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.