TNF and neoplasm: The findings also demonstrated that the combination therapy using the ultrasound-excited BMT@LA nanovaccine and immune checkpoint blockers (anti-programmed death-ligand 1 [PD-L1] antibody) could induce a robust anti-tumor immune response by increasing the infiltration of CD8+ T cells and releasing TNF-α, IL-6, 1L-12p70 cytokines, resulting in primary tumor cells killing and inhibiting metastasis of tumor cells [107].