PM-induced release of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8 was also documented by others [57,58] and the increased secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 by macrophages, lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells was involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis [59,60]. Here, TNF is linked to atherosclerosis.