TNF and lung carcinoma: However, it has to be noted that not all PBMCs responded to S1P treatment in terms of TNF-α and IL-6 release: 85.2% (46 out of 54) of lung cancer patients responded to S1P treatment with the release of TNF-α (Figure 1C, red slice), while 86.8% (46 out of 53) with IL-6 release (Figure 1D, red slice).