In general, chronic diabetes is categorized as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) whereas T1DM is characterized by defective insulin synthesis primarily due to pancreatic β-cell destruction whereas T2DM is characterized by progressive loss in insulin secretion along with insulin insensitivity [221,222]. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.