IL1B and epilepsy: Koopman et al. studied seven adult patients with epilepsy implanted with VNS, applying stimulation parameters suited to activate the inflammatory reflex (single 30 s stimulation at 1.0 mA output current, 20 Hz pulse frequency, and 500 μs pulse duration) and then observing an inhibition of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β that occurred early after switching on the device [33].