LCN2 and Abnormal renal physiology: The parameters that have been examined in published literature are microalbuminuria as an early sign of hyperfiltration, albuminuria, levels of blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, serum cystatin C, estimated GFR (eGFR), impairments in electrolyte excretions and newer biomarkers of renal dysfunction, such as serum or urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) and serum b2 microglobulin (Table 1) [21,23,24,25,27,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,40,41,42,43,44,45].