Particularly in the clinical studies involving patients (MS, mental retardation, Down’s syndrome) [124,141,144] or elderly subjects [116,119,122,126,127,128,129,131,132,138], it is likely that, due to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects resulting from NRF2-related downstream proteins, the upregulation of this pathway prevented cognitive decline directly by preventing neurodegeneration, thus displaying an indirect effect in promoting cognition. Here, NFE2L2 is linked to Intellectual disability.