TNF and autoimmune disease: Conversely, a nested case-control study showed how exposure to anti-TNF-α agents significantly increases the risk of developing brain inflammatory lesions, both demyelinating and nondemyelinating, in a cohort of 212 patients with several autoimmune diseases such as RA, SpA, PsA, psoriasis, Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, conveying an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 3.01.