Together, these studies indicate that during myocardial ischemia, hypoxia signaling through Sp1 and HIF1A coordinate the transcriptional induction of CD39 and CD73, which leads to the increased production of extracellular adenosine and thereby contributes to attenuated myocardial infarct sizes (Figure 1). Here, ENTPD1 is linked to myocardial ischemia.