HMOX1 and osteoporosis: The crucial finding is that TAP treatment over-expresses the inducible isoform of heme oxygenase (HMOX1), a well-established immunomodulator [65,66,67]; it has been proven that the induction of HMOX1 protects against the cytotoxicity caused by oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death, making HMOX1 an appealing target for the treatment of several chronic inflammatory diseases, including osteoporosis [68], cancer [69], acute kidney injury [70], retinal pigment epithelium degeneration [71] and Parkinson’s disease [56,67].