VEGFA and age-related macular degeneration: TLR-3 activation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of AMD [38], and it will be of great interest to investigate the influence of ommochromes on other TLR-3 induced effects in the RPE, such as TLR-3 induced VEGF secretion, TLR-3 induced cell death, or TLR-3 induced loss of barrier function [39,49].