TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Obese individuals have higher amount of circulating 4-HNE. The 4-HNE inhibits miR-29b while it promotes adipokine EST1, resulting in TNF-α upregulation. In obesity, adipokines TNF-α, ETS1, and SP1 are upregulated while miR-29b is downregulated in the subcutaneous white adipose tissue.