TLR4 and colitis: Oral administration of micronized PGA resulted in decreased expression of TLR-4 and related downstream pro-inflammatory pathways in DNBS-treated mice, as demonstrated by the parallel downregulation of iNOS and NLRP3 expression, as well as by the reduced release of IL-1β and PGE2. This suggests that PGA might act as a safe “multitarget” modulator of intestinal inflammation and prevents the long-term intestinal dysfunction that generally follows the acute phase of colitis.