TNF and tuberculosis: Additionally, high levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α [30], and effector cytokines, such as IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17 were identified in the BALF of patients with TB, whereas the Th1 cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α were present at higher levels in patients with TB compared to healthy subjects but did not differ from other diseases such as sarcoidosis [31,32].