TNF and Parkinson disease: In mice treated with MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine), a PD model, it was reported that galectin-1 inhibited microglia activation, decreased secretion of interleukin (IL)-1, Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) [48].