Using a monoclonal TDP-43 antibody specifically recognizing phosphorylated, C-terminal TDP-43 (pTDP-43), we identified diffuse cytoplasmic pTDP-43 immunoreactivity within spinal cord motor neurons of all ALS cases, but only three-of-nine controls (Fig. 1a, Table 1). Here, TARDBP is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.