This unsupervised analysis revealed a wide array of pathways that were significantly affected (Fig. 5b), including essential intracellular pathways in tumor aggression and therapeutic resistance (e.g., PI3K-Akt, p53, FoxO, MAPK, and mTOR pathways26–29), pathways important in tumor cell growth and proliferation (e.g., cell cycle26, glutathione metabolism30, arginine, proline metabolism31, etc.), as well as pathways involved in the formation of various types of cancer (e.g., prostate cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, melanoma, gastric cancer, etc.). The gene discussed is MTOR; the disease is breast carcinoma.