Additionally, the genes specifically enriched in LUSC included the immune function-related molecules of MMP9 and MMP14, immunoglobulin response checkpoints of IGHG4, IGLC2 and IGHA1, tumor angiogenesis molecules of CXCL8 and VEGFA, and the myeloid suppression cell molecules of THBS1 and IL1B (Fig. 6e, f), while in LUAD, some chemokine-related molecules, including CCR2, CCL2, and FPR2, were increased as well as the T-cell activation factor CD44 and the T cell activation inhibitor ANXA1 were highly expressed during the developmental trajectory (Fig. 6c, e, f). Here, ANXA1 is linked to neoplasm.