Tobacco smoking remains the most established cause of lung carcinogenesis, and the occurrence of LUSC is strongly associated with smoking, while the diagnoses of non-smoking patients have increased drastically in LUAD recent years, especially among women.7,35 Thus, we further examined the effects of smoking as a risk factor on the immune microenvironment of lung adenocarcinoma and found that patients with a smoking history had more DC, Mφ and mast cells, while those with a non-smoking history enriched had more Gran, CD4 and CD8 cells (Supplementary Fig. 4a–c). The gene discussed is CD8A; the disease is lung adenocarcinoma.