TNF and COVID-19: A recent study by Ostrowski et al. [96] demonstrated that both the AstraZeneca (AZ) and mRNA vaccines for COVID-19 amplified inflammation and platelet activation in certain vaccinated individuals, but the AZ vaccine induced higher increases in inflammatory mediators (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8) and platelet activation markers compared to the mRNA vaccines.