CTLA4 and neoplasm: On the other hand, the anti-CTLA-4 antibodies therapy induces intestinal mucosal injury, gut microbiome imbalance, and translocation of specific Burkholderia and Bacteroides fragilis, which can induce IL-12 activation, DC proliferation, activate fecal specific Th1 cells, and work together to create an ideal immune microenvironment for CTLA-4 antibody to stimulate a protective anti-tumor immune response (139).