CD44 and cancer: To further correlate IFN-I and CSC signatures, we performed longitudinal immunohistochemistry (IHC) analyses on consecutive formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded BC biopsies, assessing the levels of KDM1B, IFN-I-related factors (MX1 and CXCL10) and CSC markers (CD44–CD24 and CD133) on CD45neg cancer cells at pre- (T0; at diagnosis) and post- (T1; at surgery) neoadjuvant anthracycline-based chemotherapy (Fig. 7c and Supplementary Table 4).