CTLA4 and neoplasm: Studies have shown that the combined therapy of MWA with anti‐PD1 (aPD‐1)/CTLA‐4 could prolong the survival time of mice and prevent tumor recurrence in the hepatocellular carcinoma mouse model.[139] The main mechanism unraveled was that MWA activated T cell immune responses against hepatoma cells and enhanced the intratumoral infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) induced by MWA.