MTOR and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: AMPK activators, such as metformin, AICAR, and salsalate, inhibit pathways involved in ADPKD progression, including mTOR-mediated cell proliferation, CFTR-mediated fluid secretion, inflammation, and fibrosis (Hallows et al., 2003; Takiar et al., 2011; Leonhard et al., 2019; Lian et al., 2019; Song et al., 2020).