MTOR and cyst: AMPK activators metformin and salsalate inhibit renal mTOR activity, cell proliferation, and cyst growth in animal models of PKD (Takiar et al., 2011; Leonhard et al., 2019; Lian et al., 2019); however, the clinical use of metformin for the treatment of ADPKD has not yet been demonstrated (Hallows et al., 2021; Perrone et al., 2021; Brosnahan et al., 2022).