Nevertheless, both in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that PPAR based agonists such as pioglitazone may have potential for treating NSCLC [90–92], however some degree of caution is indicated as other studies of such agonists suggest that when activated in myeloid cells of the tumour microenvironment, this may aggravate and promote lung cancer progression [2]. Here, PPARA is linked to neoplasm.