ACOX1 and breast carcinoma: In particular alterations to the β-oxidation of peroxisomal fatty acids have been extensively studied in breast cancer [12], and whilst many of the results come from individual stand-alone studies, the upregulation of ACOX1 and other members of this process in cancer cells suggests that the entire β-oxidation metabolic pathway may be affected and linking the entire β-oxidation process to breast cancer tumorigenesis [12].