In particular, aberrant TGFβ signaling promotes tumor metastasis by mediating the multiple steps of metastasis, such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cell invasion, the interaction of circulating tumor cells with platelets, and transendothelial migration, and is associated with poor therapeutic outcome and prognosis in patients with NSCLC8–12. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.