Specifically, pentadecanoylcarnitine had broad anti-inflammatory activities, including lowering multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (including IL-1α and MCP-1) in four human cell systems mimicking chronic inflammation, autoimmune disease, lung inflammation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dermatitis, psoriasis, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.