CCL2 and lung disorder: At concentrations ranging between 0.7 and 6.7 μM, pentadecanoylcarnitine had dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activities, including lowered interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α), interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant (ITAC), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), and interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), across three additional cell systems relevant to lung disease, dermatitis, chronic inflammation, and cardiovascular disease (Fig. 3).