Compared with the control group, the expression of Tnf, Inos, Il1b, Cxcl9 and Il12a in macrophages in xenograft tumours with high CDK5RAP3 expression was significantly increased (Fig. 2D), while the expression of Arg1, Tgfb1, Vegfa, Il6, Il10 and Ccl22 was significantly reduced (Fig. 2E), indicating a predominant M1 macrophage phenotype. This evidence concerns the gene VEGFA and neoplasm.