Compared with the control group, the expression of Tnf, Inos, Il1b, Cxcl9 and Il12a in macrophages in xenograft tumours with low CDK5RAP3 expression was significantly reduced (Fig. 2F), and the expression of Arg1, Tgfb1, Vegfa, Il6, Il10 and Ccl22 was significantly increased (Fig. 2G), illustrating a predominant M2 macrophage phenotype. Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.