INS and autoimmune disease: T1D is a prototypical organ-specific autoimmune disease that develops in distinct stages marked by the presence of autoantibodies in peripheral blood targeting insulin and other pancreatic islet proteins such as glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA), tyrosine phosphatase–related islet antigen-2 (IA-2A), and zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8A) (8, 9).