IRF1 and COVID-19: The importance of PANoptosis in COVID-19 pathology was observed by treating mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages with both TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma to activate the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 1/interferon regulatory factor 1 (JAK/STAT1/IRF1) pathway to drive caspase-8/FADD-mediated PANoptosis [130].