TNF and temporal arteritis: Even though we did not observe differences between GCA patients with and without AD concerning the cytokines tested, several of blood markers have been linked with the development of aortic injury: Elevated levels of IL-5, IL-6, IL-17A, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and PDGF were all observed in the blood of patients with aortic aneurysms and/or aortic dissection [36, 37].