Pro-tumor/anti-inflammatory macrophages are reported to secrete excessive angiogenic cytokines such as VEGF, IL-6, IL-8, CCL-2, and MMP-9, which results in aberrant angiogenesis and the hypoxic H&N-specific TME in vitro and in vivo (6, 17, 18, 30, 31). Here, CCL2 is linked to neoplasm.