CTLA4 and neoplasm: The 2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Drs. James Allison and Tasuku Honjo for their work in describing the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and PD-1 pathways as checkpoints and further showing the inhibition of these checkpoints improve T-cell mediated anti-tumor effects (20).