TNF and congenital rubella syndrome: Reports indicate that overactivation/upregulation of MAPK (MAK1 and MAPK3) mediates the production of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL6, IL10, TNF-alpha, IL4, and INF-gamma (de Souza et al., 2014; Grimes and Grimes, 2020; Oh et al., 2021) and these cytokines induce CRS.