TNF and metabolic syndrome: Conversely, in non-antipsychotic-induced MetS, the role of insulin resistance is predominant, together with altered visceral adipose tissue function and adipokines (i.e. leptin, resistin, and visfatin), proinflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL1, IL6), and prothrombotic molecules (PAI-1) production, which strongly influence lipid and glucose metabolism (Alberti et al., 2005; Rader, 2007).